What is the maximum bank angle in echelon formation?

In echelon formation, the maximum bank angle is 60 degrees. This limit is established to maintain effective formation flying while ensuring safety and performance considerations. A bank angle of up to 60 degrees allows the formation to execute turns effectively without risking excessive separation between aircraft that might occur at higher angles.

This angle provides sufficient performance for coordinated turns while ensuring that each aircraft can maintain visual contact with others and that the lead aircraft remains within a safe flight envelope. Higher bank angles can lead to increased drag and a potential loss of control or stability in the formation, making 60 degrees an optimal and safe choice for echelon turns in a formation context.